Non-invasive BCI

Non-invasive Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) are systems that enable communication and control between the human brain and an external device without the need for invasive procedures or direct contact with the brain tissue. Non-invasive BCIs rely on external sensors or electrodes placed on the scalp, face, or other parts of the body to measure and record neural activity. Here are some key aspects and examples of non-invasive BCIs:

1. Electroencephalography (EEG): EEG is one of the most commonly used non-invasive techniques in BCIs. It involves placing electrodes on the scalp to detect and record electrical activity produced by the brain. EEG is relatively affordable, portable, and offers high temporal resolution, making it suitable for various applications, including communication, control of external devices, and neurofeedback training.

2. Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS): fNIRS is a non-invasive technique that measures changes in blood oxygenation levels in the brain using near-infrared light. It provides an indirect measure of neural activity by detecting hemodynamic responses. fNIRS is portable, safe, and offers good spatial resolution, making it suitable for applications such as brain-computer interfacing, cognitive assessment, and neurorehabilitation.

3. Electrooculography (EOG): EOG measures eye movements and the electrical activity of the muscles surrounding the eyes. It can be used to detect eye blinks, gaze direction, and other eye-related movements. EOG-based BCIs are often employed in assistive technology for individuals with severe motor disabilities who can control devices or communicate through eye movements.

4. Electromyography (EMG): EMG measures the electrical activity generated by muscles. It can be used to detect and record muscle contractions, which can then be translated into control signals for BCIs. EMG-based BCIs are commonly used in applications such as prosthetic control, rehabilitation, and gaming.

5. Eye-Tracking: Eye-tracking systems use cameras or infrared sensors to monitor eye movements, gaze direction, and pupil dilation. By tracking eye movements, eye-tracking BCIs enable individuals to control devices, communicate, or make selections by directing their gaze or fixating on specific targets or commands.

6. Voice or Speech Recognition: Voice or speech recognition BCIs allow individuals to control external devices or communicate by converting their spoken commands or thoughts into text or synthesized speech. This non-invasive approach can be employed using microphones and speech recognition algorithms.

Non-invasive BCIs offer several advantages such as safety, ease of use, portability, and lower associated risks compared to invasive BCIs. However, non-invasive BCIs often have limitations in terms of spatial resolution and the ability to capture specific neural activity due to the limited access to brain signals through the scalp or other external sensors. Ongoing research and advancements in non-invasive BCIs focus on improving signal quality, enhancing feature extraction and classification algorithms, and exploring novel sensor technologies to expand the capabilities and applications of non-invasive brain-computer interfacing.

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