Electrochemical

Electrochemical biosensors are devices that utilize the electrochemical properties of biological reactions or molecules to detect and quantify analytes. These sensors convert the biochemical signals into electrical signals for measurement and analysis.

The basic structure of an electrochemical biosensor consists of a working electrode, a reference electrode, and a counter electrode. The working electrode is typically modified with a biorecognition element, such as enzymes, antibodies, or DNA probes, which specifically interact with the target analyte. When the analyte binds to the biorecognition element, it triggers an electrochemical reaction, resulting in the generation of an electrical signal that can be measured.

There are different types of electrochemical biosensors, including amperometric, potentiometric, and impedance-based sensors. Amperometric biosensors measure the current produced by the electrochemical reaction, which is proportional to the concentration of the analyte. Potentiometric biosensors measure the potential difference generated during the electrochemical reaction. Impedance-based biosensors measure changes in the impedance of the system due to the interaction between the analyte and the biorecognition element.

Electrochemical biosensors have numerous applications, including clinical diagnostics, environmental monitoring, food safety, and bioprocess monitoring. They offer advantages such as high sensitivity, selectivity, rapid response, portability, and cost-effectiveness. These sensors are widely used in research, healthcare, and industrial settings for the detection and quantification of various analytes, such as glucose, cholesterol, DNA, proteins, and environmental pollutants.